Ancient Greek Origins of the Term
The word hormone has its roots in Ancient Greek, deriving from terms related to motion and impulse. Key Greek words and forms include:
- á˝ĎΟវν (hormân) â an Ancient Greek verb meaning âto impel, urge on, or set in motionâ . (This is often given in its first person form á˝ĎΟΏĎ, hormĂĄĹ, âI set in motionâ.)
- á˝ĎΟΎ (hormá¸) â a noun meaning âonset, impulse, or sudden urgeâ . In context, hormÄ could refer to a motivating force or vital impulse. Notably, the physician Hippocrates used the term hormÄ to denote a âvital principleâ or driving force in the body . This indicates that even in classical times the root carried a sense of animating energy or impetus in living beings.
- á˝ĎΟ῜ν (hormĹn) â the masculine present participle of hormân, meaning âthat which sets in motionâ . Literally, hormĹn is âsetting in motionâ or âstimulating.â It functions as an adjective or noun describing an agent that causes movement or excitement. This form â hormon in its Latinized spelling â is the immediate linguistic ancestor of the English word hormone .
From an etymological perspective, these Greek roots convey the idea of provoking activity. Indeed, the Proto-Indo-European root is reconstructed as er- (âto move, set in motionâ), highlighting the ancient notion of inducing action . In sum, in its Greek origin the term had a very general meaning related to stimulus or impetus, whether applied to physical motion or metaphorical âvital forces.â
Coining of âHormoneâ in Modern Science (1905)
The leap from an ancient word to its modern scientific sense occurred in the early 20th century. The term âhormoneâ was coined in 1905 by English physiologist Ernest Henry Starling . Starling introduced this word in a landmark series of lectures to the Royal College of Physicians (the Croonian Lectures of June 1905) which were later published in The Lancet under the title âThe Chemical Correlation of the Functions of the Bodyâ .
Starling and his brother-in-law William Bayliss had been investigating how organs communicate chemically. In 1902 they discovered secretin, a substance from the intestine that stimulates the pancreas â the first clear example of what we now call a hormone. Lacking a concise term for such âchemical messengers,â Starling sought a word that captured the concept of a substance that âsets in motionâ activity in a distant organ . He drew directly from the Greek root: in the very first lecture of the series, Starling proposed the term explicitly, saying:
âThese chemical messengers, however, or hormones (from á˝ĎΟΏĎ, I excite or arouse) as we might call them, have to be carried from the organ where they are produced to the organ which they affect by means of the blood streamâŚâ .
In coining hormone, Starling thus emphasized the activating role of these substances â true to the Greek meaning of hormân (âto set in motionâ). The choice of the word was quite deliberate. According to a later account by biochemist Joseph Needham, the term arose during a dinner at Cambridge. Starling and the eminent biologist Sir William Bate Hardy agreed a new word was needed for an âagent released into the bloodstream that stimulated activity in a different part of the body.â They consulted their colleague W. T. Vesey, a classics scholar, who suggested the Greek verb hormĂĄĹ (âto exciteâ or âarouseâ) as a basis. Starling noted the suggestion â and, in Needhamâs words, âthe deed was doneâ . Thus, while Starling is credited with the coinage, it was very much inspired by the classical Greek term recommended by his peers .
Importantly, Starlingâs 1905 usage of hormone was the first time the word appeared in the English language in this context . The Oxford English Dictionary cites Starlingâs 1905 lecture as the earliest evidence of the word . In essence, Starling repurposed an ancient word to name a modern discovery. Within a few years, hormone entered the general scientific lexicon to describe internal secretions that act as âchemical messengersâ in the body .
Evolution of Meaning and Scientific Usage
When Starling coined hormone, he defined it in quite broad terms. He described hormones as âchemical messengers which, speeding from cell to cell along the blood stream, may coordinate the activities and growth of different parts of the bodyâ . He further generalized that a hormone could be âa drug-like body of definite chemical compositionâ produced by any kind of tissue, whether a gland with no duct or even nervous or reproductive tissue . In other words, Starling envisioned hormones as any substance made in one part of the body and carried via blood to stimulate another part. This broad view anticipated the wide variety of hormones later discovered (from glandular hormones like adrenaline to tissue hormones like secretin).
However, in the early 20th century not everyone immediately embraced such a wide definition. Some physiological âpuristsâ argued for a narrower definition of hormone, restricting it only to secretions from the well-known endocrine glands (like the thyroid or adrenals) . In fact, around 1905 the renowned physiologist Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer even proposed an alternate term âautacoidâ (from Greek autos = self, akos = remedy) to refer to internal secretions with specific effects . Despite such proposals, Starlingâs term hormone quickly gained favor and entered common usage in physiology. Over the next few decades, as more of these regulatory substances were identified (e.g. insulin in 1921, estrogen in the 1920s, etc.), the concept of hormone solidified to include any organic compound produced in the body that regulates physiology elsewhere. The core meaning â a trigger or stimulator of biological activity â remained consistent, true to the wordâs etymology.
As scientific knowledge expanded, so did the usage of the word hormone. Some notable developments in its application:
- Broad Biological Use: Initially hormone described animal physiological regulators, but it was soon applied to plants as well. By the 1920s-1930s, botanists spoke of âplant hormonesâ (or phytohormones) to describe chemicals like auxins that stimulate plant growth, even though plants have no bloodstream. The termâs essence â an organic chemical that sets processes in motion in an organism â proved applicable beyond its original animal context.
- Derivatives and New Coinages: The success of hormone spawned related terms. The adjective hormonal (pertaining to hormones) appears by 1926 . Decades later, in 1959, scientists coined âpheromoneâ to name chemical signals between organisms â literally âto carry excitationâ (from Greek pherein, to carry, and the -mone from hormone) . This new word directly built on hormoneâs root, showing how entrenched the concept had become.
- Modern Definitions: Over time, definitions of hormone have been refined. Today, authoritative sources define a hormone as âany of numerous organic compounds secreted into body fluids by specific cells, which regulate the activity of other cellsâ, and they even include synthetic analogues that mimic natural hormones . In simpler terms, a hormone is understood as a signaling molecule coordinating physiology. The inclusion of synthetic substances in the definition reflects how the wordâs usage expanded with biochemical advances â we now talk about drugs having âhormone-likeâ effects, birth control hormones, etc.
Despite these evolutions, the fundamental meaning of âhormoneâ has remained anchored to its etymological roots. It still denotes something that âsets in motionâ biological activity. One subtle shift is that where Hippocratesâ hormÄ implied a general vital force, the modern hormone refers to a tangible chemical substance with a specific regulatory role. In the century since Starling named it, the term has grown from a novel coinage to a common concept not only in scientific vocabulary but even in everyday language (e.g. âadrenaline is a hormone,â âteenage hormonesâ).
Historical and Linguistic Context
In historical context, the coining of hormone in 1905 is often seen as a key moment in the birth of endocrinology (the study of hormones and glandular secretions). In fact, the word gave identity to a whole field of research. Prior to this, scientists spoke generally of âinternal secretionsâ but lacked a unifying term. Starlingâs introduction of hormone provided a concise concept that helped researchers communicate and hypothesize about the bodyâs chemical regulators . This came at a time when physiologists were uncovering many such regulatory substances and needed language to describe a new paradigm of chemical coordination (as distinct from nervous system control). The early 20th-century debates â such as how broad the definition should be â highlight how scientists were feeling their way around this new concept. Ultimately, the broad view prevailed, and the term hormone has proven robust, adapting to new discoveries (from peptide hormones to steroid hormones, etc.) without losing its core meaning.
Linguistically, hormone is a noteworthy example of an ancient word revived in modern times with a more specialized meaning. It also illustrates how scientific terminology often reaches into Greek or Latin for inspiration. In this case, a Greek participle hormĹn (âimpellingâ) became an English noun hormone, imbuing the technical term with a sense of âthat which impels to action.â The ancient root even found parallel uses in psychology â for instance, in 1915 the psychologist Carl Jung used the term hormĂŠ (adapted from Greek hormÄ) to describe a hypothetical mental energy or drive . While Jungâs usage was independent, it underscores the versatile metaphor of the Greek root for drive/impulse.
In summary, the term hormone has traveled from antiquity to modern science: from Hippocratesâ notion of vital impulsion, to Starlingâs chemical messenger igniting physiological activity, to the expansive hormone concept of today. Its etymology â âto set in motionâ â is beautifully reflected in its scientific application, as hormones are quite literally the molecules that set the bodyâs processes into motion. The coinage by Starling in 1905 was a pivotal moment that gave this ancient word new life, forever linking classical language with cutting-edge biology .
Sources:
- Etymology and Greek meanings of hormone: EtymonlineÂ
- Starlingâs coinage and definition in 1905: Starling, Croonian Lectures (via Hektoen Int.) ; Hillier (J. Endocrinol. 2005) ; Hadden (J. R. Soc. Med. 2005)Â
- Anecdote of termâs origin (Hardy & Vesey): Needham (1936), recounted in Hektoen Int. and R. Soc. Med. (2005)Â
- Evolution of usage and definition: Hadden 2005 ; Etymonline (Jungâs hormĂŠ) ; Etymonline (pheromone derivation) .